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电磁流量计常见故障检测判别及解决方法

返回列表 来源:本站 发布日期: 2019-05-19 05:08:56
电磁流量计常见故障检测判别及解决方法

1 液体中含有气泡的现象
液体中含有气泡的现象导致测量不准或测量值波动(输出波动 )。
 
成因:液体中泡状气体的形成有从外界吸入和液体中溶解气体 (空气) 转变成游离状气泡两种途径。若液体中含有较大气泡 ,则因擦过电极时能遮盖整个电极, 使流量信号输入回路瞬间开路 ,导致输出信号出现晃动。
 
判别方法:最简单的判别方法是当遇到晃动时 ,切断磁场的励磁回路电流, 如果此时仪表依然有显示且不稳定时 ,说明大多是由于泡影响造成。如果此时以指针式万用表测量电极电阻 ,可测量到电极的回路电阻要比正常时高 ,但该测试需要靠专业人员长期积累的测试经验和数据。
 
 
解决方法:对于被测介质中含有空气的情况 ,如果判断是由安装位置引起的, 如因电磁流量计装在管系高点而潴留气体或外界吸入空气造成流量计晃动的话 ,更换安装位置是最彻底的解决方法 ,如图 1所示 ,在管线最低点或采用 U型管安装。但很多应用情况是口径较大或者安装的位置不易改换 , 建议在流量计上游安装集气包和排气阀,
 
2 非满管
 非满管现象可以看作液体中含有气泡的一种极端情况。
 
成因:液体未充满管道可分为液面高度高于测量电极水平面或低于水平面两种情况。当管内液面高于电极水平面时 ,若管系的前后直管段比较理想时, 电磁流量计的测量大多能够稳定,但流量计所计量的液体体积包含了管内的气体体积 ,故这种测量存在着很大的测量误差。当管内液面高度低于电极表面时, 此时电极裸露在空气中,测量回路实际处于开路状态。电磁流量计的测量值和输出处于一种随机的状态 ,不停地晃动或是满度。非满管的情况多出现在靠流体自流或流量计后无任何背压的直接排放口, 例如在污水行业经常遇到。
 
判别方法:可采用前述气泡判别的方法 ,此时以指针式万用表测量电极电阻, 可发现电极的回路电阻明显变高,若以水对比 ,国产MF30 万用表以×1K的量程测量 ,所测得的阻值不会大于100k Ω,大于此值 ,可绝对判定电极回路异常, 在排除电缆开路的前提下,判定空管是可信的
 
解决方法:在流量计安装时尽量避免出现非满管的情况。如前面提及的在管线最低端安装或有意将流量计安装在 U型管道。另外, 现在市场上已有能够在非满管情况下测量的电磁流量计
 
3 电极腐蚀
现象:在排除气泡的因素后有因电极腐蚀而造成测量值晃动的情况 ,且都以传感器失效而告终。
 
成因:由于电极材料的选择不当造成电极为被测液体所腐蚀 ,从而导致流量计输出晃动。
 
判别方法:由于电极材料不耐腐蚀所造成的故障只有在电极被腐蚀后才会表现出来 ,之前通常无法判别。
 
4 电极结垢及电极短路
现象:电极短路的判别比较简单 ,若被测介质中含有金属物质时, 电极短路较易诊断,此时测量值明显偏小或趋于零。但这种现象在日常运行中并不多见。因电磁流量计经常应用于原水和污水等计量环境 ,电极结垢的发生几率较高。当电极结垢时, 表现为信号逐渐减小,直至绝缘而使得信号回路开路 ,此时流量信号被隔绝。
 
成因:当被测介质的粘度较高时 ,易在管壁附着和沉淀, 若附着的介质是比被测液体电导率高的导电物质 ,则信号电势被分流而不能工作, 即电极短路,若是非导电层 ,就是我们日常所说的电极结垢, 则使电极开路而不能工作。
 
5 电导率过低
现象:电导率低于阈值 (下限值) 会产生测量误差直至不能稳定工作 ,使用时出现晃动现象, 电导率超过阈值即使再变化时,此时测量的示值误差几乎恒定。通常仪表制造厂规范中规定的下限值是指在较理想的条件下可测量的最低值 ,而实际使用条件不可能都很理想。例如当电磁流量计规范中规定的下限值为
5μS/cm, 实际使用时即出现输出晃动。
 
判别方法:液体电导率可查阅附录或有关手册 ,若缺少现成数据时, 则可用电导率仪取样测定。但有时候现场并不配备电导率仪 ,因此, 最简单的方法可以用万用表测出液体的接液电阻 ,再用同样的方法测试现场普通自来水的接液电阻 , 比较两者的测试结果,若介质的接液电阻比自来水大一个数量级 ,此时介质的电导率约为30 ~50μ S/cm(自来水一般为30 ~50μS/cm)。
由于接液电阻和电导率是反比关系,所以直接以所测得的接液电阻的大小进行判别也可以。
 
 
6 衬里变形
现象:测量不准确或传感器损坏。
 
成因:衬里变形 ,大多发生在氟塑料的衬里, 造成这种现象的原因有两种 :一是蒸气渗透引起氟塑料衬里的热扩散现象( 如图8所示 ), 所谓热扩散是当管道内介质(气体或蒸气 )流过氟塑料衬里时所发生的自然的物理现象, 通常渗透的程度主要取决于衬里材料、液体和蒸气的类型、衬里的厚度(当衬里的厚度增加时渗透程度则相应减小 )、衬里内外的温差( 当衬里内外温差很大时渗透则加剧)和管道压力等多个因素。二是氟塑料衬里特别是聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE)衬里本身的工艺结构, 因为聚四氟乙烯与管壁间仅靠压贴,无粘结力 ,故不能用于负压管道。如图9 所示为在高温应用场合管道瞬时形成负压后的衬里变形。
 
判别方法:衬里变形在现场一般无法判别 ,现用的判断方法是, 在实际应用过程中发觉流量误差较大时 ,即将传感器从工艺管道上拆下后以肉眼观察, 但此时衬里的故障往往已经形成。
 
解决方法:法兰和线圈盒间增加隔热措施 ,减小温差、减小热扩散, 这将在很大程度上改善衬里内外温差情况 ,从而降低渗透率和蒸汽在测量管壁内的凝聚; 加厚聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)衬里厚度 ;提供其它形式的衬里, 如PFA和陶瓷衬里。
 
7 外部强电磁场干扰
现象:电磁流量计信号失真 ,输出信号表现为非线性或信号晃动。
 
成因:由于流量信号小易受外界干扰影响 ,而干扰源主要有管道杂散电流、静电、电磁波和磁场等。电磁流量计的设计制造应符合电磁兼容性要求, 在规定辐射电磁场环境下能正常工作。但现场应用表明,强磁场 (如在电解厂和较大的电融炉附近) 干扰会导致磁场回路饱和及外部磁场进入电磁流量计的磁场回路并形成杂散磁场而影响输出的线性度。电场干扰则是由于噪声破坏测量管内的电势平衡造成输出信号波动异常。
 
判别方法:当输出信号表现为非线性时 ,可通过专用的模拟信号仪来判断, 如电磁流量计转换器的输出为线性,可判别为外界的磁场干扰影响 ,反之也有可能是电磁流量计本身的电器故障。对电场干扰, 可在先不加激磁电流时用示波器测量两极间的电势,其值应为零 ,如测得有交流电势, 则可判别为漏电流等电场干扰。
 
解决方法:防止磁场干扰 ,通常只有将电磁流量传感器的安装位置远离强磁场源。强电场干扰的防止, 可采取增强屏蔽等措施。
 
8 电缆的故障  
现象:反映流量计在运行一段时间后 (一般不是新装用表), 出现工作异常 ,具体表现为测量值变大或变小, 或者是不停地波动,且经现场检查已排除管道不满管、介质含气等上述现象的可能性。
 
成因:这类问题的产生与用户的安装、维护不当有关。由于管道绝大多数是埋敷在地下 ,传感器具有 IP68 防护结构,转换器安装在仪表箱或室内 ,两者通过 电缆连接。由于地面沉陷等现场情况的变化, 传感器和转换器的相对安装位置有了变动,或者是因故而移动了仪表的安装位置而引起电缆的短缺 ,施工单位或是用户简单地用电缆予以续接加长, 并未彻底做好电缆接头处的防潮(防水 )等处理, 且接头处常用绞接的方法连接。使用日久,如果恰逢该接头处于一个潮湿的环境 ,如仪表井、电缆沟等, 潮气侵入电缆接头,可能造成以下一些故障
①信号线对地绝缘下降,引起信号衰减 ,最终是测量结果偏小。
②信号电缆连接处接触电阻变大,使测量值变小 ,若该接触电阻不稳定, 则测量值无法稳定 ,且易引入干扰。
③励磁线圈对地绝缘下降,造成测量结果偏小。④励磁回路电缆连接处接触电阻变大 ,使转换器的励磁回路处于非恒流工作区域, 励磁电流下降,同样造成测量结果偏小。若该接触电阻不稳定 ,则测量值出现波动。
⑤信号线、励磁线对地绝缘性能下降,使得测量结果远大于正常的数据。如这种干扰不稳定 ,对仪表的影响也变化不定, 继而出现波动。
⑥信号电缆、励磁电缆两个连接头相靠较近,就会产生耦合作用。通常能使实际运行结果增大几成 ,此时仪表的零点变化就是由干扰引起的。
 
判别方法:对于这类异常情况 ,在排除流量计其它几类故障的可能性后, 就应检查电缆是否有问题,尤其是电缆曾有中间接续处。上述第①、②项故障 ,因发生在信号回路, 判断有一定难度,需要仪表生产厂家的配合支持。③、④两项励磁回路电缆的故障 ,仪表维护人员只要把现场的励磁回路电阻测量值与厂方提供的数据作比较即可得知问题所在, 继而采取措施。对于⑤、⑥两项故障,同样可由仪表维护人员在断开一根励磁线的情况下 ,观察仪表的显示或输出信号, 此时仪表应处于零流量的状态,若测量值偏大 ,则可确定是信号线、励磁线的绝缘不良或有耦合, 若电缆有接续施工的,则可有的放矢地作相应的检查。
 
解决方法:因电缆有中间接头而产生的故障 ,彻底的解决方法只有更换整根电缆,

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